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Endgames

King and Pawn Foundations

Also known as: Opposition, Key Squares, Square Rule, Zugzwang, Triangulation, التضاد والمربعات المفتاحية وقاعدة المربع والزوغزوان والتثليث

Type: King and pawn vs king (and core tools)Result: MixedDifficultyLearn 2/5 · Master 4/5 · Calculation 3/5
DefenseResult: DrawActive line

Opposition holds the draw

King in front of the pawn with the attacker to move: the defender takes the opposition and mirrors every move, so the king can't break in.

Attacker

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Lesson steps

Technique

Defense

Rule

Core idea

The result depends on who moves: get the king in front of the pawn and use the opposition to reach a key square; the defender takes the opposition or stays inside the square of a running pawn. Rook pawns are specially drawish.

If you're attacking

Penetrate to a key square using the opposition, triangulation, and shouldering the enemy king.

Plans

  • King in front of the pawn
  • Aim at the key squares
  • Take and keep the opposition
  • Triangulate to pass the move
  • Count the square for a free run

Avoid

  • Pushing the pawn with a check (it loses the opposition)
  • Taking the opposition when you should outflank

If you're defending

Keep the king in front of the pawn and take the opposition, or get inside the pawn's square; head for the rook-pawn corner for the easiest draw.

Plans

  • King in front of the pawn
  • Take the opposition
  • Step straight back, never sideways
  • Count the square if the king is far
  • Head for the rook-pawn corner

Avoid

  • Stepping sideways and losing the opposition
  • Misjudging the pawn's two-square first move when counting the square